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Theme 1: Revolution- Revolution is a key aspect of both United States and North Carolina history. On a broader scale, revolution could be referred to as conflict; for our purposes, conflict and opposing ideas are what led to the revolutions within history. The earliest revolution students would cover would be the American Revolution, where the colonies eventually declared independence from Great Britain. Within United States history, the Civil War is the most notable revolution-type. An additional sub-topic within revolution could be the Civil Rights Movement of the late 1950s and 60s. The struggle and recognition of basic civil rights was a social revolution of the times.
 * Expanded Write-Up **

1. George Washington- Serving as Commander in Chief during the American Revolution, George Washington is a multifaceted historical individual. Students would be able to find a plethora of information about his involvement, and could dig deeper by investigating his connections to other individuals and events within this period of revolution. 2. Ella Baker- She was a grassroots activist during the Civil Rights Movement who approached the movement with a unique perspective. Rather than harp on Martin Luther King Jr., I feel that students would appreciate a fresh approach to the events of the civil rights revolution. Her work with Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, primarily composed of students, would appeal more to the middle schoolers, as well. 3. Dred Scott- Straying from the typical Civil War figures, Dred Scott was a slave who sued for his freedom. In his own personal revolution against the status quo, Dred Scott asserted that his extended period of time living in Illinois, a free state, qualified him as a free man and he therefore could not be taken back into a slave sate. Students would enjoy this figure, as he brings in a level of questioning as to the extent of the courts and law in this time period. They could even form sides in a mock court case for the Dred Scott decision and argue for each.
 * Essential or Highlighted individuals: **

1. Articles of Confederation- The Articles of Confederation were penned by the 13 colonies as a “list of demands” to Britain, to be met in an “or else” situation. There is potential for research into the initial issues leading to the Articles, and would give students a deeper understanding of initially rooted issues. 2. Excerpts from The Constitution of the Confederate States of America- Serving as a comparison to the constitution students are more familiar with, it would give students more of an understanding of what prompted the states in revolutionary succession. 3. Police Report from Rosa Parks arrest- Many students will have learned about Rosa Parks, the infamously brave woman who refused to give up her seat and move to the back of the bus in Montgomery, Alabama. However, to read the actual police report from the incident would bring the event to life for many middle schoolers. Furthermore, reading the original information and forming ones own opinions is especially important in historical dealings.
 * Core Texts: **


 * Condensed Write-Ups **

**Theme 2: Expansion-** North Carolina as one of the first 13 states was included in the expansion of the United States, in the simplest terms. Under the broad term of expansion falls colonization (that of a nation and state) as well as immigration, to North America and within the newly founded United States. Immigration itself is broad, beginning from the earliest founding of the United States, and reaching to other events such as the Atlantic Slave Trade. Furthermore, the Great Migration during the 1900s expanded much of the population to the Northern United States, in an effort to escape the bonds of slavery.

Essential or Highlighted individuals: 4. Andrew Jackson- Headed the “Trail of Tears” which was a movement for the white man to expand further West, thereby devastatingly displacing Native American Indians from their homeland. 5. Marcus Garvey- Headed the “Back to Africa” movement, which served as a tool for African-Americans enslaved in the United States to return to their home country. 6. John Winthrop- First governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. As a strict Puritan, he wanted to establish a pure church in New England. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">Core Texts: <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">4. Map of the Cherokee nation in Georgia during 1830 <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #428bca; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none;">[]

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">5. City Upon a Hill by John Winthrop- This text gives students an idea of the settlements and differences between colonies by highlighting the Puritan opinions. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">6. Northwest Ordinance- Passed by congress in 1787, the Northwest Ordinance established a system of admitting new states and created a political structure for the lands in the north west territories.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">**Theme 3: Culture and Society**- The culture and society was broad and ever changing in America and North Carolina from the beginning of our nation to current day. For the context of an 8th grade social studies class, topics can range from the Jazz Era, to Civil War, or even predate to colonization of the colonies.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">Essential or Highlighted individuals: <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">1. David Walker- abolitionist, moved from NC to Boston, where he helped slaves escape to new lives. He wrote Appeal in an effort to give black slaves hope that their lives would one day improve and they would escape slavery. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">2. Alvin “Shipwreck” Kelly- He is a world-record holder in pole sitting. In 1927, he climbed on top of pole and didn’t come down for 23 days and seven hours. His actions perfectly depicted the popularity of fads in the 1920s, also known as the Jazz Age. Fads were, and have been, an extremely important part of the culture in America. (¬Call to Freedom textbook- Holt) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">3. Elvis Presley- A well-known rock-and-roll artist, Elvis stands to be the voice of a generation. He symbolized rebellion against the norm of adolescents parent’s generation. As a figure, Elvis would appeal to students in his music and reputation.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">Core Texts: <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">1. David Walker’s Appeal- This document was considered highly radical in slave-holding states, as it was written by an abolitionist (David Walker) who originally lived in NC but moved to MA in a continuous effort to free slaves. Appeal goes against what was considered acceptable in the slave-holding society of North Carolina and the south. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">2. Georgia O’Keeffe painting- Her art represented an important aspect of the American culture during the Harlem Renaissance. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">3. Excerpts from The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck- This novel is not assigned in schools as often as years before; for this reason, it is an important text for students to be exposed to in order to better understand the era of the Great Depression.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">**Theme 4: Industrialization-** The Industrial Revolution was a massive overturn in American way of life and production. While multiple instances of industrialization occurred throughout history, especially with “booms” in wartime, the below primarily focuses on the Industrial Revolution.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">Essential or Highlighted individuals: <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">1. Samuel Slater- a British mechanic who memorized the techniques of British machinery techniques and brought it to the United States. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">2. Francis Cabot Lowell- Built a waterproof loom that allowed workers to make and produce thread and cloth at the same plant, differing from the Slater mills. His technique became known as the “Lowell system. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">3. Andrew Carnegie- A skilled businessman in the late 1800s who monopolized the steel market, thereby creating a mass amount of railroads, which furthered the industrialization of major cities.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">Core Texts: <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">1. Excerpts of Gibbons v. Ogden- As with any improvement in technology or forward movement in life, conflict will arise and be met with some resistance. Gibbons v. Ogden was a court case that ruled Thomas Gibbons, steamboat owner, had a right to operate in New York because he had crossed state lines. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">2. Letter- “Mrs. Langdon Stewardson requests funds for National Child Labor Committee” Outlines the conditions and extremely young ages adolescents and children were being put to work. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">3. Map- Students refer to map of the railroad system in the early 1900s to better understand the extreme improvements post-Industrial Revolution.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">**Theme 5: Authority and Governance-** Authority and governance had both positive and negative influences on the history of the United States and North Carolina. The leadership determined the direction the country went in.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">Essential or Highlighted individuals: <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">1. Herbet Hoover- Herbert Hoover was President of the United States during the Great Depression and leading out of it. His leadership created more problems for Americans fighting to financially right themselves; as a result, many ended up living in “Hoovervilles.” <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">2. //Richard Nixon-// Another example of how poor leadership can influence a nation for the worse; Watergate.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">3. //Nat Turner-// Led a slave rebellion that changed southern history, meanwhile changing the "southern culture" of the time.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">Core Texts: <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">1. “Happy Days Are Here Again” by Leo Reisman- song about the Great Depression <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">2. Excerpts from //Gettysburg Address// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">3. //Websters Dictionary-// Has served as a guideline for the English language since its creation.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">**Theme 6: Geography-** Geography in the history of our nation and state has had a great impact on economics and success of the settlements.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">Essential or Highlighted individuals: <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">1. Francis Marion- A general who excelled in guerilla warfare during the American Revolution. Would not be as well-known or as successful in his techniques had he not been more familiar with the complicated geography of the land than the British were. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">2. Lewis and Clark- Two former military men who were assigned a mission to discover and explore the Missouri River. The land they explored and documented was purchased by the United States from France. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">3. Donner party- This was a group of families caravanning out West in the 1800s, following the California Trail. However, they became separated from the main trail and got lost; unsure of the new territory and harsh winter environment, nearly half of the original group perished. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">Core Texts: <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">1. Excerpts of Northwest Ordinance- Although used for another theme too, highlighted instructions for further settlement out West. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">2. Excerpts from Louisiana Purchase- Similar to other land purchases done by the United States, would serve to give students a reality on the land amount purchased. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">3. Map- Wilmington, North Carolina port during the 1800s. The geography of the North Carolina coast opened it up to vast trading opportunities.